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<title>Environment and Planning B</title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/epb</link>
<description>Environment and Planning B volume 40 issue 1</description>
<prism:eIssn>1472-3417</prism:eIssn>
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<prism:publicationName>Environment and Planning B</prism:publicationName>
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</channel><item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37170">
<title><![CDATA[Growth-management implementation in Metropolitan Vancouver: lessons from actor-network theory. Laura E Tate]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37170</link>
<description><![CDATA[A case study is used to analyse metropolitan growth management implementation 
in Greater Vancouver, adding to a growing base of literature studying plan development 
and implementation through an actor-network theory (ANT) lens. It focuses on 
Metrotown, an office node initially designated in the Livable Region Plan and remaining 
regionally significant today. Unfortunately, Metrotown lost some momentum as business 
parks have seen more office growth in recent years. ANT’s qualitative approach to inquiry 
is used to understand how and why this occurred. In ANT, an actor network emerges in 
response to any social goal, and is comprised of individuals, organisations, and inanimate 
artefacts including technologies, processes, laws, buildings, and infrastructure. In this case, 
the analysis emphasised how network fluctuation impacted plan implementation, including 
efforts to stabilise and destabilise relationships through what Latour calls black boxesof 
varying types. It also examined both successful and unsuccessful enrolment strategies. The 
case suggests that regional and municipal actors possessed enrolment skills but were unable 
to make more use of them. Further case studies are recommended to enhance planners’ 
skills in coping with fluctuations and developing more effective enrolment strategies for 
implementation.<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> growth management, smart growth, implementation, actor-network theory, 
Vancouver, Metrotown, employment node, transit-oriented development
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth-management implementation in Metropolitan Vancouver: lessons from actor-network theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38048">
<title><![CDATA[Assessment of the methods and extents of the usage of 
urban modeling in urban design practice in US cities. Firas A Al-Douri]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38048</link>
<description><![CDATA[Literature suggests that present urban design plans and methods are inadequate 
to deal with the scale and complexity of contemporary urban form and multidisciplinary 
collaborative practice. Although recent developments in urban modeling technologies 
have brought about a wide range of different techniques and potential implementations 
that may help address this inadequacy, they have not yet made their desired impact on the 
design process. Failure to use these capabilities extensively in actual practice may result 
primarily from a limited understanding of the proper role these tools should play or the 
impact they may have. There is also hesitation about which are appropriate and effective 
applications, and little consensus on the methods with which these capabilities should 
be used in core design activities. More investigation is needed to understand fully their 
application in urban design practice. This research suggests a methodological framework 
underlying the methods of using various urban modeling functionalities. A questionnaire 
survey method was used to document the methods and assess the extents to which designers 
used urban modeling tools in developing eight urban design plans. The questionnaire 
survey findings were compared with the theoretical premises. The findings showed that 
design methodology is the main factor that affects the effectiveness of modeling to 
support design activities. The findings showed extensive, inconsistent usage and various 
degrees of support for design activities that resulted in various degrees of impact on urban 
design aspects. The findings suggest the provision of dynamic visualization supported by 
efficient networking may advance urban modeling to become a tool of public advocacy 
and design decision support which can advance urban design practice to informational, 
communicational, and representational systems.<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> digital urban modeling, urban design practice, contemporary urbanism, 
computational urban design
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessment of the methods and extents of the usage of 
urban modeling in urban design practice in US cities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38057">
<title><![CDATA[Using an agent-based crime simulation to predict the 
effects of urban regeneration on individual household 
burglary risk. Nick Malleson, Alison Heppenstall, Linda See, Andrew Evans]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38057</link>
<description><![CDATA[Making realistic predictions about the occurrence of crime is a challenging 
research area. City-wide crime patterns depend on the behaviour and interactions of 
a huge number of people (including victims, offenders, and passers-by) as well as a 
multitude of environmental factors. Modern criminology theory has highlighted the 
individual-level nature of crime—whereby overall crime rates emerge from individual 
crimes that are committed by individual people in individual places—but traditional 
modelling methodologies struggle to capture the complex dynamics of the system. The 
decision whether or not to commit a burglary, for example, is based on a person’s unique 
behavioural circumstances and the immediate surrounding environment. To address 
these problems, individual-level simulation techniques such as agent-based modelling 
have begun to spread to the field of criminology. These models simulate the behaviour 
of individual people and objects directly; virtual ‘agents’ are placed in an environment 
that allows them to travel through space and time, behaving as they would do in the 
real world. We outline an advanced agent-based model that can be used to simulate 
occurrences of residential burglary at an individual level. The behaviour within the model 
closely represents criminology theory and uses real-world data from the city of Leeds, UK 
as an input. We demonstrate the use of the model to predict the effects of a real urban 
regeneration scheme on local households.<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> crime simulation, burglary, agent-based modelling, offender behaviour
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using an agent-based crime simulation to predict the 
effects of urban regeneration on individual household 
burglary risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38045">
<title><![CDATA[Urban form and the environmental impact of 
commuting in a segregated city, Santiago de Chile. Xabier Gainza, Felipe Livert]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38045</link>
<description><![CDATA[The literature on the relationship between the built environment and travel has 
identified population density and the mix of land uses as key characteristics of the urban 
form that affect travel patterns. However, in cities with strong sociospatial disparities it 
is not clear if these characteristics apply in the same way. In this paper we use regression 
analysis to estimate the influence of the spatial growth pattern of Santiago, Chile, on the 
environmental impact of commuting. Our findings can be summarized in three points: 
the travel impact increases as the city spreads out because of the monocentric nature 
of Santiago; the environmental impact of commuting could be reduced by containing 
commuters within the area where they live; and the use of public transport reduces the 
impact, but the modal choice depends not only on the effectiveness of the transport system 
but also on the characteristics of the urban form and other socioeconomic determinants. 
Consequently, we propose to reorient the growth pattern in three ways: redirecting land-use policy to promote development within the already built area, developing compact areas 
where residential and economic activities are mixed, and facing sociospatial disparities as 
a way to encourage the use of public transport. This would reduce the environmental 
impact of commuting while, at the same time, tackling sociospatial segregation.<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> urban form, sustainable travel, sociospatial segregation, Latin America
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urban form and the environmental impact of 
commuting in a segregated city, Santiago de Chile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38180">
<title><![CDATA[The role of planning in delivering low-carbon urban 
infrastructure. Joanna Williams]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38180</link>
<description><![CDATA[Cities are the single largest contributor to climate change. Thus it is important 
that, where possible, low-carbon infrastructure is integrated into cities to try to reduce 
CO2 emissions. Planning (plans, policy, and process) can encourage this. In this paper 
international best practice is drawn upon to explore a range of planning approaches—
collaborative, systemic, and market shaping—that have been used to introduce low-carbon 
infrastructure into cities. A new typology is developed and the strengths and weaknesses 
of planning approaches are evaluated. The importance of context in the success of each 
approach is highlighted and suggestions are made for the circumstances in which each may 
be most effectively employed, while exploring how planning can be used to provide a 
‘protected space’ in which low-carbon systems can develop.
Keywords: low-carbon cities, low-carbon infrastructure, international planning 
approaches, planning typology, collaborative planning, systemic planning, market 
shaping, ecocities
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of planning in delivering low-carbon urban 
infrastructure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38085">
<title><![CDATA[Characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution of 
building-stock age in Poultney, Vermont: a GIS-based 
approach to improve thermal efficiency in historical 
buildings. John Van Hoesen, Steven Letendre]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38085</link>
<description><![CDATA[Many industrialized countries are exploring ways to facilitate the prioritization of 
efforts targeting improved thermal efficiency in an aging building stock. Older buildings, 
typically, have inefficient building envelopes and higher energy-consumption patterns 
relative to new construction, which contributes to higher overall energy consumption at the 
local and regional scale. Reducing energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of older 
buildings will result in lower anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and help address the 
growing issues related to climate change. To address these concerns a GIS-based approach 
is developed to evaluate building-stock age in rural communities with limited access to 
historical parcel data. This approach involves georeferencing historical Sanborn insurance 
maps, digitizing building footprints for each year. This methodology is applied to a small 
town in rural Vermont and a map is produced depicting the spatiotemporal evolution of 
building construction over the years 1885–1940. 1091 structures built prior to 1941 are 
identified and it is argued that weatherization efforts should focus on the oldest buildings 
first and sequentially address younger structures, lowering both energy consumption and 
greenhouse gas emissions associated with the least-efficient building stock.<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> climate change, GIS, efficiency, historical, building stock, planning
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the spatiotemporal evolution of 
building-stock age in Poultney, Vermont: a GIS-based 
approach to improve thermal efficiency in historical 
buildings]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38124">
<title><![CDATA[The fractal analysis of architecture: calibrating the box-counting method using scaling coefficient and grid disposition variables. Michael J Ostwald]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38124</link>
<description><![CDATA[Since the mid-1990s architectural researchers have used the box-counting method 
to calculate the fractal dimension of a range of buildings and urban forms. While this 
approach has been widely adopted, there has been little consistency in how the multiple 
variables in the method have been applied. Furthermore, despite precedents in the sciences, 
no attempt has been made in architectural or urban analysis to use these parameters 
to calibrate or refine the method. In this paper the computational version of the box-counting approach is presented along with its methodological variables. Thereafter, nine 
mathematical fractals with known dimensions are tested using this method to identify the 
optimal approach to the scaling coefficient and grid disposition variables. Finally, using 
these new settings, two classic architectural test cases are reexamined: Robie House and 
the Villa Savoye.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> fractal analysis, box-counting method, architectural analysis, visual complexity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fractal analysis of architecture: calibrating the box-counting method using scaling coefficient and grid disposition variables]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37064">
<title><![CDATA[Spatial evaluation of ecological qualities to support 
interactive land-use planning. Ron Janssen, Gustavo A Arciniegas, Jos T A Verhoeven]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37064</link>
<description><![CDATA[Information on ecological qualities can play an important role in land-use 
planning. This information is not always in a form that is suitable to support planning and 
negotiation among stakeholders. In this paper we describe an approach that uses ecological 
information based on expert knowledge in combination with spatial multicriteria analysis. 
Important elements of this approach are selection of evaluation criteria, assessment of 
scores, standardization, weighting, and aggregation. The approach was tested as part 
of the land-use planning process of the Bodegraven polder, a peat meadow area in the 
Netherlands. An interactive mapping device (the ‘touch table’) was used to support a 
series of interactive workshops with the various stakeholders to generate, assess, and 
discuss land-use plans for the Bodegraven polder. This paper shows the use of ecological 
information to support decision making and negotiation.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> ecological qualities, spatial ecological evaluation, multicriteria analysis, interactive decision support
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial evaluation of ecological qualities to support 
interactive land-use planning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38007">
<title><![CDATA[Neighborhood contexts, health, and behavior: 
understanding the role of scale and residential sorting. Seth E Spielman, Eun-Hye Yoo, Crystal Linkletter]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38007</link>
<description><![CDATA[Recent reviews in sociology, public health, and urban planning suggest small-scale geographic variations in urban environments are associated with an individual’s 
health, behavior, and well-being. However, estimation of these ‘neighborhood effects’ are 
complicated. One complicating factor is residential sorting: individual characteristics such 
as race, age, and socioeconomic status are associated with behavior and health and these 
same individual-level factors are often geographically clustered within neighborhoods. This 
residential sorting leads to a correlation between individual and environmental determinants 
of behavior and health and poses problems for statistical inference. A second complicating 
factor is uncertainty about the geographic dimensions of a person’s neighborhood. We 
explore these two potential confounders through a simulation experiment that generates 
synthetic cityscapes and synthetic behaviors for geolocated individuals. The simulation is 
used to develop a model of how residential sorting, urban structure, and the geographic 
definition of an individual’s neighborhood affect our understanding of the association 
between the urban environment and behavior. We find that residential sorting does 
not systematically affect the magnitude of neighborhood effect estimates, however, the 
misrepresentation of the geographic dimensions of an individual’s neighborhood leads 
to systematic bias in estimates of neighborhood effects. Unlike previous research on the 
modifiable areal unit problem we find a systematic relationship between the definition of 
geographic units of analysis and the magnitude of regression coefficients.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> neighborhood effects, uncertainty, context, residential sorting, geographic scale
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neighborhood contexts, health, and behavior: 
understanding the role of scale and residential sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37161">
<title><![CDATA[Investigating travel thresholds for sports and recreation activities. Jamie E L Spinney, Hugh Millward]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37161</link>
<description><![CDATA[Central to the practice of urban planning is the provision of services, which has 
potential public health and social welfare implications. However, service area analysis, 
typically, employs arbitrary travel-distance thresholds. Through this study we provide an 
empirical investigation into the durations and distances that respondents are willing to 
travel in order to engage in various sports and recreation activities. This research uses 
time-diary data, augmented with global positioning system information, to investigate 
individually based and objectively measured travel thresholds (which define travelsheds) 
for various sports and recreation activities in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Results accord with 
national time-diary data, and indicate that duration-based and distance-based travelsheds 
are generally in the order of 15–30  minutes and 4–20  km, respectively. Georeferenced 
time-diary data provide unique insights into travel thresholds, which may be used to help 
improve accessibility and thereby increase the frequency and duration of physical activity 
engagement.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> service areas, travel threshold, recreation, distance decay, urban planning
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Investigating travel thresholds for sports and recreation activities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38003">
<title><![CDATA[Multitype green-space modeling for urban planning 
using GA and GIS. Meher Nigar Neema, Akira Ohgai]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38003</link>
<description><![CDATA[Green spaces can facilitate sustainable urban environment in a number of ways: 
purifying air and water, filtering noise, and stabilizing the microclimate. Therefore, city 
planners have to design optimal sites to provide new green spaces. The present study 
addresses the genetic-algorithm-based multiobjective modeling of optimal sites for 
multitype green spaces considering multiple objectives. A new model has been developed and 
applied to identify the optimum sites for green spaces, particularly parks and open spaces 
(POSs). We considered six criteria: population, air quality, noise level, air temperature, 
water quality, and recreational value, including barriers for placing new POSs. The model 
thus developed was applied to Dhaka as a case study. The spatial functions of GIS are used 
to quantify, analyze, and represent the six objective criteria of our model. The modeling 
results show a successful optimization of locations for new POS. In addition, a suitability 
analysis is performed to find locations of various POSs using GIS. This study provides an 
indication of how to site multitype green spaces to make a sustainable urban environment.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b> Ggreen space, sustainable environment, GIS, multiobjective modeling, Pareto optimum, genetic algorithm
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multitype green-space modeling for urban planning 
using GA and GIS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37116">
<title><![CDATA[Incorporating spatial autocorrelation with neural 
networks in empirical land-use change models. Hone-Jay Chu, Chen-Fa Wu, Yu-Pin Lin]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37116</link>
<description><![CDATA[Land-use data can accurately reflect spatial pattern dependence (ie, spatial 
autocorrelation) and a nonlinear relationship with driving variables. In this study land-use dynamics in the Paochiao Watershed, Taiwan are forcast for the next fifteen years 
by incorporating artificial neural networks with spatial autocorrelation (Auto-ANNs) 
into the conversion of land use and its effects (CLUE-s) model. In addition to spatial 
autocorrelations of land use, Auto-ANNs-CLUE-s considers the nonlinear relationships 
between driving factors and land-use patterns. Results of a three-map comparison 
indicate that the Auto-ANNs-CLUE-s model has a better overall performance than Auto-logistic-CLUE-s. The Auto-ANNs-CLUE-s is highly applicable for all resolutions from 
multiresolution validation. The results of landscape metrics demonstrate the prevalence of 
urban sprawl in the study area. The proposed model is an alternative means of improving 
land use and environmental planning.
<br>
<b>Keywords:</b>  land-use change, spatial autocorrelation, ANNs, CLUE-s, landscape metrics, 
three-map comparison
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Incorporating spatial autocorrelation with neural 
networks in empirical land-use change models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>0</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>0</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>0</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b4001ed">
<title><![CDATA[Defining geodesign ( = GIS + design ?). Michael Batty]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b4001ed</link>
<description><![CDATA[There is no abstract with this paper
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b4001ed</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining geodesign ( = GIS + design ?)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>2</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>1</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37181">
<title><![CDATA[Fit for planning? An evaluation of the application of development viability appraisal models in the UK planning system. Neil Crosby, Pat McAllister, Peter Wyatt]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37181</link>
<description><![CDATA[In the context of its increasing use in policy formulation regarding planning obligations, we discuss a number of problematic issues in the application of development viability appraisal modelling in the UK planning system. The increased use of planning obligations to provide affordable housing and to mitigate the effects of negative externalities generated by new development is discussed. The methodology of development viability appraisal modelling is also outlined. Three types of problem are identified. First, there is a set of issues related to intrinsic model and input uncertainty that are problematic in the application of development viability modelling whatever the context. Second, there are problems that are specific to modelling for estimating or justifying planning obligations. In particular, a crucial input that remains contested and uncertain is threshold land value. Clear guidance can resolve this issue. Finally, and more fundamentally, due to spatial and temporal variation in the capacity of development sites to generate financial surpluses for planning obligations, policies that set rules or fix targets on planning obligations without regard to prevailing site and/or market conditions can reduce the supply of development and/or be prone to rapid obsolescence.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> development appraisal, development viability assessment, threshold land value, planning obligations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fit for planning? An evaluation of the application of development viability appraisal models in the UK planning system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>22</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>3</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38102">
<title><![CDATA[A formal approach to the study of the evolution and commonality of patterns. Ji-Hyun Lee, Hyoung-June Park, Sungwoo Lim, Sun-Joong Kim]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38102</link>
<description><![CDATA[The formal approach outlined in this paper uses symbolic memes as a framework for the hierarchical deconstruction of a cultural artefact, the traditional Korean pattern&#160; known as <i>bosangwhamun</i>, to describe the evolutionary development of such a pattern using shape grammar rules. The formal descriptions of this pattern are thus the basis for generating its variations, and the process is used to evaluate the validity of the rules and their appropriateness for the study of <i>bosangwhamun</i>.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> culture, content analysis, bosangwhamun, shape grammar, hierarchical deconstruction
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A formal approach to the study of the evolution and commonality of patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>42</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>23</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38010">
<title><![CDATA[The influence of fractal dimension and vegetation on the perceptions of streetscape quality in Taipei: with comparative comments made in relation to two British case studies. Jon Cooper, Mei-lin Su, Reza Oskrochi]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38010</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this study we seek to determine the relationship between fractal dimension, the presence of vegetation, and pedestrian perception of streetscape in Taipei, Taiwan. We provide a fractal analysis of street vistas present in Taipei, calculate the amount of vegetation visible in the streets, and assess the perception of the visual quality characteristic of those streets. Correlations between the resultant fractal dimensions, the physical characteristics of the streets, and scores for a single measure of perceived visual quality are discussed and compared with the results from two similar British case studies. The key findings are that judgments of the visual quality of streetscapes are influenced by the presence of vegetation, but they are influenced more by changes in fractal dimension. Vegetation is shown have a strong, positive, and significant correlation with perceptions of variety, coherence, beauty, interest, and preference. Higher levels of vegetation were found in views that were judged as varied, coherent, beautiful, interesting, and likeable. The presence of visible sky and buildings in a view have negative correlations with judgments of variety and interest. The presence of visible boundaries, vehicles, signage, and street furniture all have strong positive correlations with judgments of complexity; conversely, they have strong negative correlations with judgments of order, coherence, and beauty. In the UK cases complexity was correlated positively with perceptions of visual quality, but in the Taiwanese case it was correlated negatively.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> Taiwan, street vista, fractal dimension, visual quality, visual perception, vegetation, urban design
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of fractal dimension and vegetation on the perceptions of streetscape quality in Taipei: with comparative comments made in relation to two British case studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>62</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>43</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37024">
<title><![CDATA[Width: an indispensable factor in selection of emergency exit door. Chengyu Sun, Bauke de Vries]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37024</link>
<description><![CDATA[Predicting evacuees&#8217; exit-door selection is important for architects and fire engineers. Existing models used in fire prescription and evacuation simulation assume that the distance from an evacuee to an exit door is the dominant geometric factor. However, evacuation validation studies and architectural theories suggest the existence of other factors. An exit-door-selection model was built in a virtual environment covering six geometric exit-door attributes. The impacts of these attributes were surveyed quantitatively using 187 participants. The results indicate that the attribute width is an indispensable factor in the selection. It is the strongest positive factor with the feasibility to control architectural design that can compete or balance with the negative attribute distance in exit-door selection.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> exit door, geometric attribute, selection, evacuation, virtual environment
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Width: an indispensable factor in selection of emergency exit door]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>77</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>63</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37140">
<title><![CDATA[Learning and affective responses in location-choice dynamics. Qi Han, Theo Arentze, Harry J P Timmermans]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37140</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this paper we discuss the development of a dynamic agent-based model which simulates how agents search and explore in nonstationary environments and ultimately develop habitual, context-dependent, activity&#8211;travel patterns. Conceptually, the creation of a choice set is context dependent. Individuals are assumed to have aspiration levels associated with location attributes that, in combination with evaluation results, determine whether the agent will start exploring or persist in habitual behavior. An awareness level of each location determines whether or not it is included in the awareness set in the next time step. An activation level of each location determines whether or not it is qualified as a habitual choice, and an evaluation (utility) function allows individuals to evaluate each location given current beliefs. By implementing choices, agents may observe the differences between actual experience and expectation, which may give rise to negative or positive emotions that influence the awareness of locations and the evaluation, and hence trigger choice change. Principles of reinforcement and Bayesian belief learning are used to simulate the dynamics. The result of these behavior mechanisms is the evolution of choice sets and choice patterns, reflecting emergent behavior in relation to nonstationary environments. We report the results of a case study, implemented in an agent-based microsimulation system, of dynamic decision making of avoiding higher uncertainty in location choice, distinguishing habitual, exploitation, and exploration modes of choice behavior. Simulations indicate that solutions generated by the model are sensitive to rational and emotional considerations in decision making in well-interpretable ways. The suggested approach is scalable in the sense that it is applicable to study areas of large size (eg, region wide).
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> habit formation, emotional value, location choice, learning
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37140</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning and affective responses in location-choice dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>94</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>78</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37137">
<title><![CDATA[Fuzzy clustering analysis in geomarketing research. George Grekousis, Thomas Hatzichristos]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37137</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this study we use geographic information systems (GIS) and computational intelligence for geomarketing analysis. GIS technology offers a powerful set of tools for the input, management, and output of data, whereas computational intelligence is used for&#160;the&#160;analysis and the clustering of data by the use of unsupervised fuzzy clustering and the Gustafson&#8211;Kessel algorithm. The advantage of fuzzy geomarketing segmentation is that a customer is not assigned exclusively to one segment only, but rather with a membership value to each cluster. The proposed methodology is applied to the metropolitan area of Athens, Greece. A&#160;dataset describes 130 demographic, lifestyle, and economy variables, and the results are analysed and discussed.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> geomarketing analysis, fuzzy clustering, Gustafson&#8211;Kessel algorithm, geographical information systems
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fuzzy clustering analysis in geomarketing research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>116</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>95</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37142">
<title><![CDATA[A cellular automata model based on nonlinear kernel principal component analysis for urban growth simulation. Yongjiu Feng, Yan Liu]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b37142</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this paper we present a cellular automata (CA) model based on nonlinear kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) to simulate the spatiotemporal process of urban growth. As a generalisation of the linear principal component analysis (PCA) method, the KPCA method was developed to extract the nonspatially correlated principal components amongst the various spatial variables which affect urban growth in high-dimensional feature space. Compared with the linear PCA method, the KPCA approach is superior as it generates fewer independent components while still maintaining its capacity to reduce the noise level of the original input datasets. The reduced number of independent components can be used to better reconstruct the nonlinear transition rules of a CA model. In addition, the principal components extracted through the KPCA approach are not linearly related to the input spatial variables, which accords well with the nonlinear nature of complex urban systems. The KPCA-based CA model (KPCA-CA) developed was fitted to a fast-growing region in China&#8217;s Shanghai Metropolis for the sixteen-year period 1992&#8211;2008. The simulated patterns of urban growth matched well with the observed urban growth, as determined from historical remotely sensed images for the same period. The KPCA-CA model resulted in significant improvements in locational accuracy when compared with conventional CA models and acted to reduce simulation uncertainty.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> cellular automata, kernel principal component analysis, transition rules, urban growth simulation, GIS
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b37142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A cellular automata model based on nonlinear kernel principal component analysis for urban growth simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>134</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>116</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38141">
<title><![CDATA[Understanding urban traffic-flow characteristics:
        a rethinking of betweenness centrality. Song Gao, Yaoli Wang, Yong Gao, Yu Liu]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38141</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this study we estimate urban traffic flow using GPS-enabled taxi trajectory data in Qingdao, China, and examine the capability of the betweenness centrality of the street network to predict traffic flow. The results show that betweenness centrality is not a good predictor variable for urban traffic flow, which has, theoretically, been pointed out in existing literature. With a critique of the betweenness centrality as a predictor, we further analyze the characteristics of betweenness centrality and point out the &#8216;gap&#8217; between this centrality measure and actual flow. Rather than considering only the topological properties of a street network, we take into account two aspects, the spatial heterogeneity of human activities and the distance-decay law, to explain the observed traffic-flow distribution. The spatial distribution of human activities is estimated using mobile phone Erlang values, and the power law distance decay is adopted. We run Monte Carlo simulations to generate trips and predict traffic-flow distributions, and use a weighted correlation coefficient to measure the goodness of fit between the observed and the simulated data. The correlation coefficient achieves the maximum (0.623) when the exponent equals 2.0, indicating that the proposed model, which incorporates geographical constraints and human mobility patterns, can interpret urban traffic flow well.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> taxi trajectory, traffic flow, betweenness centrality, mobile phone data, spatial heterogeneity, distance decay
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Understanding urban traffic-flow characteristics:
        a rethinking of betweenness centrality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>153</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>135</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38092">
<title><![CDATA[Regret minimization or utility maximization:
        it depends on the attribute. Caspar G Chorus, John M Rose, David A Hensher]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38092</link>
<description><![CDATA[In this study we show how the coexistence of different decision rules can be accommodated in discrete choice models. Specifically, in this paper we present a generic hybrid model specification that allows for some attributes being processed using conventional linear-additive utility-maximization-based rules, while others are being processed using regret-minimization-based rules. We show that on two revealed and stated choice datasets particular specifications of hybrid models, containing both regret-based and utility-based attribute decision rules, outperform&#8212;in terms of model fit and out-of-sample predictive ability&#8212;choice models where all attributes are assumed to be processed by means of one and the same decision rule. However, in our data differences between models are very small. Implications, in terms of marginal willingness-to-pay measures (WtP), are derived for the different hybrid model specifications and applied in the context of the two datasets. It is found that in the context of our data hybrid WtP measures differ substantially from conventional utility-based WtP measures, and that the hybrid WtP specifications allow for a richer (choice-set-specific) interpretation of the trade-offs that people make.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> random regret, random utility, hybrid choice models, willingness to pay
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regret minimization or utility maximization:
        it depends on the attribute]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>169</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>154</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38061">
<title><![CDATA[Tranquillity and soundscapes in urban green spaces&#8212;predicted and actual assessments from a questionnaire survey. Greg Watts, Abdul Miah, Rob Pheasant]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b38061</link>
<description><![CDATA[A previous pilot study demonstrated the utility of a tranquillity prediction tool TRAPT for use in three green open spaces in a densely populated area. This allows the calculation of perceived levels of tranquillity in open spaces. The current study expands the range of sites to eight and, importantly, considers the views of visitors to these spaces. In total 252 face-to-face interviews were conducted in these spaces. An important aim of the survey was to determine the extent to which reported tranquillity obtained from the questionnaire survey could be predicted by a previously developed prediction tool TRAPT. A further aim was to determine what other factors may need to be considered in addition to the purely physical descriptors in TRAPT. The questions included the sounds and sights that were noticed, factors affecting tranquillity, as well as questions related to the benefits of visiting these areas. Predictions were considered satisfactory and could be improved further by taking account of issues surrounding personal safety. Examining the trends in these data, it was also shown that the percentage of people feeling more relaxed after visiting the spaces was closely related to overall assessments of perceived tranquillity. Further trends and their implications are presented and discussed.
      <br>
        <b>Keywords:</b> tranquillity, quiet areas, green spaces, soundscapes, parks, surveys
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b38061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tranquillity and soundscapes in urban green spaces&#8212;predicted and actual assessments from a questionnaire survey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>181</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>170</prism:startingPage>
</item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b4001rev">
<title><![CDATA[Reviews. ]]></title>
<link>http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b4001rev</link>
<description><![CDATA[Lewis on Gatrell: <i>Mobilities and health</i></br>
Tranos on Portugali: <i>Complexity, cognition and the city</i></br>
Reades on Mitchell, Borroni-Bird, Burns: <i>Reinventing the automobile: personal urban mobility for the 21st century</i></br>
Birtchnell on Frenkel, Nijkamp, McCann (Eds): <i>Societies in motion: innovation, migration and regional transformation</i></br>
Flew on Clapson, Hutchison: <i>Suburbanization in global society</i></br>
Bivand on Kalkhan: Spatial statistics: <i>geospatial information modeling and thematic mapping</i></br>
O’Brien on Pucher, Buehler (Eds): <i>City cycling</i></br>
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pion</dc:creator>

<dc:identifier>info:doi/10.1069/b4001rev</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reviews]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Pion Ltd</dc:publisher>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<prism:volume>40</prism:volume>
<prism:endingPage>190</prism:endingPage>
<prism:publicationDate></prism:publicationDate>
<prism:startingPage>182</prism:startingPage>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>