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Johnston R, Sirkeci I, Khattab N, Modood T, 2010, "Ethno-religious categories and measuring occupational attainment in relation to education in England and Wales: a multilevel analysis" Environment and Planning A 42(3) 578 – 591
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Ethno-religious categories and measuring occupational attainment in relation to education in England and Wales: a multilevel analysis

Ron Johnston, Ibrahim Sirkeci, Nabil Khattab, Tariq Modood

Received 18 May 2009; in revised form 22 July 2009

Abstract. It has been suggested that ‘ethnic penalties’ exist in British labour markets, whereby members of ethnic minority groups fail to get into occupations commensurate with their qualifications. Often these analyses of occupational attainment by education treat minority groups as homogeneous, not recognising that in several there is substantial heterogeneity on other criteria, such as religion, which may also influence occupational attainment. We argue that there are significant variations among these ethno-religious minorities regarding their labour-market performance, which is measured using a continuous scale of skill-level distances—a measure of returns to education.

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